Frozen Shoulder (aka adhesive capsulitis)is a condition characterized by stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint. It occurs when the connective tissue surrounding the shoulder joint (the capsule) becomes thickened, tight, and inflamed, leading to a loss of movement. This condition often develops slowly, typically over months, and can last for a significant period—sometimes up to a couple of years.

A shoulder sprain involves injury to the rotator cuff muscle or ligament within the shoulder joint. Minor sprains may occur due to overuse or excessive stretching, while more severe cases can result in ligament tears. Small sprains may not be immediately evident, but a complete tear typically causes persistent, sharp pain and weakness. Traumatic events like car accidents or falls onto an outstretched arm often cause this injury.

Shoulder movement relies on the smooth gliding function of tendons and muscles over the shoulder joint. Impingement occurs when tendons are compressed by surrounding structures, such as bone spurs, resulting in pain described as sharp, transient, and episodic during shoulder movements. Patients may also experience weakness and restricted shoulder mobility.